Qubits - the core and the reason of future computers?

Searching throughout the web, I have found really interesting stuff about what scientists (physicists) at Oxford University have discovered.

Everyone is aware of  bytes which are composed of bits, but there have been questions and researches whether we can use a single atomic nucleus and even an electron to store and transfer information, respectively.


Scientists have bombarded single silicone crystals with boosted amounts of radio waves and it resulted into a burst of billions of subatomic silicon particles. The most optimistic researchers immediately questioned whether we can now perform a construction of ultrafast computers with atomic nuclei as a storage and electrons as mediators, which could carry information back and forth.

A single qubit can be described only using complex numbers. Where a classic bit can be either in a state (1) or (0) , a qubite can perform these both states simultaneosly at a certain degree of probability. It is said that a qubit can perform also two superpositions of these basic states.

It can be described by



where a and b are complex numbers and they must agree with the following statement:
| a | ² + | b | ² = 1

a , b are called amplitudes of probability and a sequence of 8 qubits is called qubyte, a quantum equivalent to byte.

Although it may seem confusing, we can't determine with any measurement the precise state of a or b (whether it is ''more'' in 0;1; or one of the superpositions -> the only exception is when the qubit is directly in one of its ground states - 0 or 1) , we can choose values only randomly and the probability of our guess is in accordance with amplitudes od probability.

when | a | = | b | and because squares of sizes of a,b are always 1, then there is 50% probabilty of finding qubit's state and therefore the result of measuring is absolutely random.

 probability illustration:

The next problem is that the sole measure affect the state of qubit and change it to something else - this phenomena is called colapse of wave function.

As a result of the scientific facts above - we can say that qubit can be in 0 and 1 at once and therefore modern supercomputers would be able to compute exponentially larger amounts of data than are today's conventional computers.

In conventional computers, transistors store information on the basis of whether they are on or off. In the experiment, qubits store information in the form of the orientation, or spin, of an atomic nucleus or an electron.


Of course, there is a catch. The qubits need to be ''entangled''' at subatomic level in order to function(store information) Even if two qubits are extremely far from each other, they need to change one another in a case that one is affected by some impuls from outside. And yet scientists have found unimaginably difficult to keep qubits in entanglement for a longer period of time both in the name of energy and still, lack of sufficient technology.

Ultimately, some people view this experiment as very promising in the future when others say this is a neat scientific discovery, but it is very unlikely to be put into computer reality ever.

But the future is always uncertain! I personally take sides with this technological innovation of tommorow! :-)
 

sources :
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/25spin.html?ref=science
http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit
http://neel.cnrs.fr/spip.php?rubrique481
http://www.ipod.org.uk/reality/reality_entangled.asp
https://www.ntt-review.jp/archive/ntttechnical.php?contents=ntr200801sp4.html
http://www.astrosurf.com/luxorion/ordinateur-quantique.htm
http://www.openclipart.org/detail/qubit-bloch-sphere-by-gcross

Wanna eat flawless and perfect chocolate?

Everyone loves chocolate. I don't know anyone except those with allergy problems who could with a light heart say: ''I hate chocolate.'' Known as the sweet which makes people fat but also as a medicament which can have beneficial effect, chocolate is with no doubt one of the most popular sweets in the world.

Scientists have concluded that the chocolate is healthy and have positive impact on one
's neural network mainly due to the number of theobromines, phenylethylamines and  flavonoids in it.

                                                         phenylethylamine

                                                   theobromine

                                               types of flavonoids

Chocolate is also known as a stress-releasing medium or aphrodisiac. Moreover, chocolate is said to have salutary effect to one's coronary system as much as a alleviator of coughing. The list of it's effect would be really long. Ultimately, along with its sweet taste that's all why chocolate is sooo popular.

Recently, scientists made an interesting discovery. They have deciphered chocolate's genom. 

Company Mars, maker of M&M and Snickers, dedicated $10 million to this goal two years ago. Teaming up with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and tech giant IBM, the confectioner announced earlier this month that it had cracked more than 92 percent of the genome. Their work is available for free at the Cacao Genome Database, a clearinghouse set up by Mars to aid chocolate research. This work is similar to studies conducted at Pennsylvania State University.

Now after scientists deciphered most of the chocolate genom they can continue the work to manipulate the genes. Options include creating a strain resistant to "witches’ broom," a fungal infection that The New York Times says devastated Brazil's cocoa crop.

 It is believed that this discovery can lead to even more tastier and healthier chocolate! Moreover it could lower the cost of chocolate.

I look forward to artificial,cheap and tasty chocolate! Flawless like anything from a factory :-)

Every chocolate lover must now read more newspapers and look more carefully in shops in some time :-)

sources:

http://ona.idnes.cz/cokolada-jako-lek-nove-vyzkumy-ukazuji-ze-pomaha-i-na-kasel-par-/zdravi.aspx?c=A100325_111544_vase-telo_pet

http://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Horizons/2010/0920/Chocolate-genome-could-unlock-tastier-healthier-candy

http://www.mineralfit.cz/diety-a-cviceni-clanek/lekce-ne-prejidani-550/

http://www.mineralfit.cz/zdravi-clanek/horcik-v-lidskem-tele-175

http://www.novinky.cz/koktejl/220623-neodolatelna-cokolada-vedci-usporadali-tazeni-na-genom-kakaovniku.html

Do you want to lose weight? Eat protein noodles!

I haven't responded to any topic for a long time due to my rigorous everyday program in school as much as in athletics.

   Have you ever wondered how unhealthy it could be, when you eat only pasta? It is said that eating pasta has a salutary impact on one's digestive tract. However, pasta has a very high energic value. This problem together with the fact that a lot of people eat a lot of pasta make scientists believe that pasta cause a much of the obesity in the population.

Let's look at this problem in a more chemical way. What's pasta made from? Well, it's made from grain. And grain consists a very much of carbohydrates, which are very important source of the energy.
  
     As we are aware of metabolic pathways, Glucose is the product of catabolic processes of more complex carbohydrates, like a starch. If people were eating only as much food as their bodies needed for survive, eating pasta wouldn't be a big problem. But it is widely known that we eat much more than we actually need and therefore food with high energic value is not requisite today. It would be shrewd to eat more proteins, because they don't possess such a high percentage of transformation into fats like carbohydrates do.

So there is a need for a change and I have found a very interesting solution. Don't eat ordinary pasta, eat protein noodles instead!

 Scientists invented some time ago a new type of pasta: Protein pasta, which mainly consists of proteins rather than of carbohydrates. This improvement has many effects:  with replacing pasta for protein noodles as one of the main food of a day, one can significantly reduce superfluous energic value of nutritives. 


Protein noodles are made from egg whites enriched with fiber. They are a good source of animal proteins and lack gluten. Protein noodles don't consist of any added sugar, fat or conservatives together with any redundant salt. Thus, they are proper to eat for diabetics, people with high cholesterol and for people on a gluten-free diet. 


With only 28% energic value of normal pasta, protein noodles seem to be very promising for reductive diets.

The only thing remaining to solve is the taste :-)



Sources:
http://www.novinky.cz/domaci/220062-cesi-vynalezli-proteinove-nudle-mohou-pomoci-ke-zdravejsi-vyzive.html
http://funhealthclub.com/world-pasta-day-the-day-of-the-dough-for-obesity.html

Creating antimatter - way to enlive StarTrek?

     Recently, scientists from European organization for nuclear research (CERN) in Switzerland conducted an experiment in which they successfully created antimatter for 0,1 second. This time was long enough to study it and take pictures of it. It was just 38 atoms of antihydrogen which were made stable for a very short time in vacuum. As you might have known, antimatter is exactly the same as matter but with one exception: it has reversed spin of its electrons. Therefore, it should have very different behavior, but this is still the subject for further studies.

You might now ask: ''Why didn't scientists take up this experiment before?'' Well, the answer is pretty easy- When antimatter meets matter, there is a phenomena called : ''Anihilation of matter'' by which is both matter and antimatter destroyed and huge amount of energy is released. So, there is a need to create a pretty good vaccum in order to eliminate this phenomena. (I hope you know from physics that creating a COMPLETE vacuum is impossible, like creating perpetuum mobile)


There is a big question about antimatter, because it casts doubt on a widely-accepted theory of creation of the universe : The Big Bang Theory. Ultimately, scientists agree that by the Big Bang theory was created exactly the same amount of the matter as of the antimatter. The question is: why the antimatter disappeared or it is somewhere really well hidden from us? The nature probably chose to do so, but we don't know why.

This experiment is a big step for nuclear scientists, because it has opened way for comparison of the matter with the antimatter. This can have further effects, because with the knowledge of the antimatter,we could better understand to our universe.
....
Also, it is good news for every fun of StarTrek. Generally, in StarTrek during year 2063 was invented a new type of engine, which could reach a speed above the light speed limit. This engine was called Warp engine and its fundamental part was connection between matter and antimatter resulting in Anihilation and big energy gain.

The picture above is a Warp engine designed by some Star Trek fun.
Hopefully, with this engine begin we travelling the space more efectively, probably meeting UFO or other extraterrestrial life :-)



Sources :
http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/02/images/mirror-matter-big.jpg
http://press.web.cern.ch/livefromcern/antimatter
http://www.lcarscom.net/warp1.gif Czech newspapers: Mladá Fronta Dnes

Hungary experienced the power of alkali

    On October 4th 2010 toxic red sludge leaked from a reservoir following an explosion at an alumina plant around 160 km (100 miles) west of the Hungarian capital.
    The sludge contaminated more than 40 square kilometres of soil, leaving it unable to bear life until it will be cleaned. Officials compared this ecological disaster to that of the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, because the amount of leaked material was almost the same. Others even compared it to the nuclear catastrophe in Cernobyl in last century in Ukraine

    In this territory, experts measured more than 110 mg/kg of arsenic, 1,3 mg/kg of mercury a 660 mg/kg of chrom which are very above the safe limits of these compounds.
    The reservoir Ajkai Timföldgyár belongs to alumina company MAL Magyar alumínium. The red sludge is very dangerous when contacts human skin, because it has very high pH and thus is very alkaline.

   As you might know, the skin contact with a strong base is almost the same as with a strong acid.
It can cause severe burns and in Hungary a couple of people even died because of the contact.
The alkaline burns occurs as a slowly dissolving ''ring'' of skin around the affected area. If not treated with and mild acid or other medicaments to alleviate the damage of the base, the alkaline gets under the skin and that can be penurious and gradually deadly because it dissolves one's organs.

 Thus, one should avoid any contact with an alkaline as well as with an acid; especially in Hungary for the next 50 years.

Sources:
http://en.rian.ru/photolents/20101008/160884216.html
http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav%C3%A1rie_hlin%C3%ADk%C3%A1rny_u_Ajky

Fluorine-based method of dating?

    It can be quite suprising, that well-known radiocarbon-based method for dating old organic material is not the only element-based method in archeology.

 Fluorine can be found in nature in forms of either CaF2 (called fluorspar or calcium fluoride) or cryolite, that is Na3 Al F3.

  Generally, fluorine method is based on the assumption that each bone has a regulated amount of fluorine within itself when an organism is alive. After an organism dies, fluorine is accepted from surrounding soil and also from underground water full of fluorine. Whereas other elements decay, fluorine ratio gradually increases.

   Scientists discovered that fluorides can be find in trace quantities (ppm) in almost any ground water.
Fluoride replaces hydroxyl-group in hydroxy-apatite in teeth and bones:

Ca5 (PO4)2 (OH) + fluorine ion -> Ca5 (PO4)2 F

  Fluorine test is one of the ''chemical-based''  rather than one of  the ''nuclear-based'' ones (like radiocarbon method)
Big advantage of this test is that  fluorine one is more accurate, it can determine the age of an subject with deviation no larger than few days in contrast with radiocarbon dating in which the deviation could be years or more.

   On the other hand, unlike nuclear-based test, fluorine test of a bone is sensitive for temperature and enviromental changes, because bones decay after some time. Therefore, this test can be used only for test subjects no older than few hundred years.


sources:
http://www.ngdir.ir/Data_SD/Elements/Pics/323.jpg
Book: Scientific Dating Methods: H. Y. Göksu,Martin Oberhofer,D. F. Regulla,North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division
http://www.21stoleti.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2009121834

Next generation of the electricity - Thunder-collecting?

Recently, while searching the web, I discovered very interesting new idea how to satiate voracious world need for the electricity:

     According to the scientist Fernando Galembeck, who published this controversial idea in the August 25th,2010 on the conferrence of American Chemistry Company (ACS), it can be possible to construct plants(panels) able to gather electricity from the atmosphere.

     Likewise photovoltaic turns electricity from sunlight, these ''thunder collecting'' machines could be a source of  a strong, pure and for the most of all, free alternative energy. The panels should gather electricity on the roofs of the buildings and protect families from paying bills for electricity. Also, the panels should gather electricity before a thunder is actially formed and in this way they could safe many lives and possesion losses due to the thunder's damage.

     This is not for the first time, when someone has showed up with using thunders for electricity.
You might have already known that this vision was presented more than 100 years ago by an ingenious inventor and scientist Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)

This scientist's lifelong goal was to create a system, in which is the electricity conducted through the air without need of wires. He also tried to gather the direct current from thunders, but he had not suffiecient funds and the required technology in his era.

    What is so new about this idea now?
Galmebeck's team stated that it solved a scientist's enigma, which was a riddle for centuries - how exactly is electricity produced and discharged in the atmosphere.
    The main part of the discovery is that when water vapor is collected on microscopic particles of dust and other material in the air, the water has big potentiall for picking up an electric charge. Older studies thought that this microscopical dust with water is electrically neutral.

    Galembeck's team from Brizilian University used laboratory experiment in which tiny particles of silica and aluminum phosphate (common air substances) were simulated to contact with the water. Silica particles became more negatively charged and aluminum phosphate more positively charged in the presence of high humidity. High humidity can be imagine as a ''fog'' or the water vapor in the air.
    
    This proved that ,in the very high humidity, the electrically charged dust particles can accumulate electricity and transfer the charge to materials they come to contact with.

   Galembeck's team called this physical phenomena ''hydroelectricity'' or ''humidity electricity''
The scientists also begun constructing first protoypes of  such devices draining out electricity from the air in areas with frequent thunderstorms.

    The Galembeck's team also already begun with testing metals, reasearching which has the greatest potentiall for capturing atmospheric electricity and preventing lightning strikes

In the opposition to this idea is a group of scientists arguing that according to its calculations, the yield from this ''humidity electrocity'' is about an amount of charge 100 million times smaller over a given area than a solar cell produces. Therefore, it would be totally useless. Galembeck responds to this that the amount can be easily and vastly expanded to useful amount.

   Altough this idea has certainly still a long way to run, once problems solved, the benefits could be more than pleasing.
 

Sources:
http://www.davidicke.com/forum/showthread.php?p=1059190314
http://www.novinky.cz/veda-skoly/209697-odsavani-elektriny-z-atmosfery-se-ma-stat-zdrojem-energie-budoucnosti.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla
http://www.jshumidifiers.com/static-elimination-159-application/